Whereas recognition of the inherent
dignity
and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human
family
is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for
human
rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the
conscience
of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy
freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been
proclaimed
as the highest aspiration of the common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not
to
be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against
tyranny
and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of
law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the
development
of friendly relations between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United
Nations
have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights,
in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of
men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better
standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged
themselves
to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of
universal
respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of
these
rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full
realization
of this pledge,
Now,
Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
proclaims
THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of
achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every
individual
and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in
mind,
shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these
rights
and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international,
to
secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both
among
the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of
territories
under their jurisdiction.
Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal
in dignity and rights.They are endowed with reason and conscience and
should
act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights
and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any
kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore,
no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political,
jurisdictional
or international status of the country or territory to which a person
belongs,
whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other
limitation of sovereignty.
Article 3.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty
and security of person.
Article 4.
No one shall be held in slavery or
servitude;
slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or
to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 6.
Everyone has the right to recognition
everywhere
as a person before the law.
Article 7.
All are equal before the law and are
entitled
without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are
entitled
to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this
Declaration
and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8.
Everyone has the right to an effective
remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the
fundamental
rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary
arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10.
Everyone is entitled in full equality to
a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in
the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal
charge
against him.
Article 11.
(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence
has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to
law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary
for his defence.
(2) No one shall be held guilty of any
penal
offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a
penal
offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was
committed.
Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable
at the time the penal offence was committed.
Article 12.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary
interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to
attacks
upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the
protection
of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 13.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of
movement and residence within the borders of each state.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave
any
country, including his own, and to return to his country.
Article 14.
(1) Everyone has the right to seek and
to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
(2) This right may not be invoked in
the
case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or
from
acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 15.
(1) Everyone has the right to a
nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily
deprived
of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
Article 16.
(1) Men and women of full age, without
any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to
marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to
marriage,
during marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into
only
with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and
fundamental
group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the
State.
Article 17.
(1) Everyone has the right to own
property
alone as well as in association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily
deprived
of his property.
Article 18.
Everyone has the right to freedom of
thought,
conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his
religion
or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in
public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching,
practice,
worship and observance.
Article 19.
Everyone has the right to freedom of
opinion
and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without
interference
and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media
and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of
peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong
to
an association.
Article 21.
(1) Everyone has the right to take part
in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen
representatives.
(2) Everyone has the right of equal
access
to public service in his country.
(3) The will of the people shall be
the
basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in
periodic
and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage
and
shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Article 22.
Everyone, as a member of society, has the
right to social security and is entitled to realization, through
national
effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the
organization
and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural
rights
indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his
personality.
Article 23.
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to
free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work
and
to protection against unemployment.
(2) Everyone, without any
discrimination,
has the right to equal pay for equal work.
(3) Everyone who works has the right
to
just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an
existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by
other
means of social protection.
(4) Everyone has the right to form and
to
join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Article 24.
Everyone has the right to rest and
leisure,
including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays
with pay.
Article 25.
(1) Everyone has the right to a standard
of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his
family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and
necessary
social services, and the right to security in the event of
unemployment,
sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in
circumstances beyond his control.
(2) Motherhood and childhood are
entitled
to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of
wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26.
(1) Everyone has the right to education.
Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental
stages.
Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional
education
shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally
accessible to all on the basis of merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the
full
development of the human personality and to the strengthening of
respect
for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote
understanding,
tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups,
and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the
maintenance
of peace.
(3) Parents have a prior right to
choose
the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
Article 27.
(1) Everyone has the right freely to
participate
in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share
in
scientific advancement and its benefits.
(2) Everyone has the right to the
protection
of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific,
literary
or artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28.
Everyone is entitled to a social and
international
order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration
can
be fully realized.
Article 29.
(1) Everyone has duties to the community
in which alone the free and full development of his personality is
possible.
(2) In the exercise of his rights and
freedoms,
everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by
law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for
the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements
of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic
society.
(3) These rights and freedoms may in
no
case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United
Nations.
Article 30
Nothing
in this Declaration may be
interpreted
as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any
activity
or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and
freedoms set forth herein.
